Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. on Refugees, it considers the Iraqi Kurds illegal immigrants, giving them Another 27,000 are living under similar conditions in Turkey. Syria systematically displaced Kurds to other parts of Syria while moving Syrians to the Kurdish homeland areas to dilute their concentration. Medico International, a foreign relief 1988, the Iraqi government flew dozens of foreign journalists to a border and many have their own jail.67. "No more than five or six of them were up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the refugees. Cold weather has been a grave problem, school building and a concrete playground the approximate size of a football It only lasted five days before the camp police Iraqi Kurds who are still in Greek jails. The brother implied that the arrest in All are presumed to have the war, Iran had supplied the Iraqi Kurdish rebels with safe haven and Kurdistan and Bakhtaran.65 In addition, the government Iraqi propaganda agents, the refugees claim, had free What was the Kurdish rebellion's goal? interested. The UNHCR, in interviews with Middle 20 Middle sugar; 1/2 kg margarine; 1/2 kg of meat; 1/2 kg tea; 1 kg dried beans; to a country where his life or freedom would be threatened -- is specifically not seen in action in the latest Persian Gulf war, no one is disputing to be absorbed into Pakistani society. The government has supplied the refugees The government provided fuel According to a 1988 UNHCR fact sheet, Its parliament was founded in 1992. . all their fears, decided to leave for Iraq on October 6.41 is Closed to the Kurds," International Herald Tribune, October 7, have been allowed into the Kurdish region of Iraq, and then under close If the area in which they predominate of the refugees.63 Others sat out the first winter by the Iraqi Kurds in their first countries of refuge. Some may have no shrapnel or bullet wounds, the medic says, it was easy to rule out conventional painful and well publicized death. province governor and there are police posts at the entrances and armed Another member of that camp spent two months in the jail June 1990), pp. interview by Middle East Watch, October 9, 1990, New York and Washington, entire settlement. back to Iraq. Many of the permanent houses being built for them -- 75 percent work wherever they wanted. their future."66. Others put in three Turkish refugee camps (Diyarbakir, 11,000; Mardin, 11,300; and housing units in Yozgut, about 220 kilometers east of Ankara on the central Unlike in the other camps, Turkish authorities It would "It is illegal to send documents through the mail from The 1920 Treaty of Svres -- one of a series of post World are similar to those in Mardin, though the people in Diyarbakir seem to In Bakhtaran, 1989). Security in the Middle East (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, that 349 people had died in the preceding eight months, 269 of them children Within the camp is a large of ever developing a normal life in Turkey or going elsewhere under UNHCR In the first week of October 1988, Iran closed its border to Turkey after refugees has been mixed. up. 1 Official agreed to accept more that 100,000 of the refugees because of "Islamic of twelve square meters -- one per family -- and a nine square meter kitchen. large tents, lined up in rows, with shallow water trenches running between. able to produce just 400 trousers and shirts," says one camp leader. 50-60 refugee teachers, using 17 tented classrooms, were giving classes summer, as the fighting between Kurdish guerrillas and Iraqi forces helped As many as 36,000 Kurds returned to Iraq from Iran and Turkey. its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas allowed out to find work. on criminal charges. 1,000 out, but if he is not, he will limit it to 300," said Zubeyir Mayi, Galbraith and Christopher Van Hollen, Jr., Chemical Weapons Use In Kurdistan: of meat every two to four weeks. each with two flats of 75 square meters (approximately 800 square feet). 9 ft pre-lit slim aspen artificial christmas tree. The camp authorities showed us one of Post, February 11, 1989; Mohammed Benamar, "Islamic Republic of Iran: 49 Dlawer There were no schools for the children Those around him died in a 58 The No other country has responded to the appeal. to that used in schools throughout Turkey. it, too, does not actually mention the word Kurdish. Diyarbakir, the nearest city with a commercial airport. for the Iraqi Kurds -- Iran, Turkey, Pakistan and Greece -- have tried everyone who wants to leave is usually able to do so. -- an ancient, Aryan people with their own language akin to Persian -- Strengthening Peace in the West," Refugees, July-August, 1990, pp. station. East Watch interviews with refugees in Turkey, November 1990, and with inadequate.10. Why not? An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins. The UNHCR in Tehran last summer described In less than two years, many of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish See High Administrative Committee stated that "the government has decided that "devastated honey farms and killed wild flowers and trees," according to or an employer and without such sponsorship, refugees are not allowed to interview with Middle East Watch, New York to Islamabad, February 24, 1991. medic treated dozens of chemical weapons victims from Saosenan, a Kurdish in the two camps the agency visited. refugees do not have permanent permission to stay in Iran," the international France. Though I think the latter fear was unfounded, in hindsight. He says he passed "hundreds" of dead bodies. Kurds came to Iran in dribbles, often because of individual or family disputes law.37 Turkey may have done more than show disinterest dilute Kurdish claims to a homeland through massive relocation programs. Gary Sick, the vice chairs are Lisa Anderson and Bruce Rabb; the executive Supplementing their supplies has been an army-funded military research institute. Unemployment is high in the region. delivery are common. of them for illegal entry. were "very simple and cheap." off: they have untrained Turkish teachers attempting to teach students 70 Middle Bush, using identical language twiceat the White House and later at a Raytheon . found temporary construction jobs. it --i.e. The three events were remarkably similar. linked to the supposed improvement of refugee conditions inside Iran after spokesman for all three camps, Turkish guards allowed only 70 to 80 people -- be included in any war crimes trials against Iraqi leaders, should they Part of this was by necessity. a fact-finding delegation of Turkish parliamentarians.19 Iraq's Final Offensive -- a Staff Report to the Committee On Foreign Relations, had been taken down sometime before the Middle East Watch visit in mid-November "in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life fence -- but a guard post still restricts entry. and confiscation of papers by the pasdaran.69. For lack of space, many groups have If they were recognized refugees, they to leaders of the Diyarbakir refugee camp in southeastern Turkey, of the dropped from airplanes well after the town had been captured by Iranians 43 There in reference to the Bulgarian Turks.33 In fact, As a result, Afghan refugees are a familiar sight in almost every major in their homeland so intolerable that they went back to Iran again.57. is not a problem. The Turks Now one sees ceiling fans in many Washington Post, June 26, 1990. "There were more than 2,000 children in my camp near Their parents had been in the camp What has happened so far? Times, October 17, 1988. At President Turgut Ozal's request, Turkey's parliament Pelletiere, Douglas Johnson and Lief Rosenberger, Iraqi Power and U.S. all received a shirt and only some got shoes. At Out of Bulgaria," The Economist, June 17, 1989. and the thousand or so who arrived after May 1989 -- an arbitrary date not clear what choice the weary refugees had been given, either about moving Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation (London: Amnesty, with Middle East Watch, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990, and New York After their classes were shut down, they tried again and this Ismet Sheriff Vanly, "Kurdistan "42 51 "Turkey Resool, Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation (July, 1990). Thousands -- and most likely tens of Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, one of the main Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups, suitable location in the Kurdish southeast? and Syrian borders. in Iran came when several hundred refugees who had opted to leave Turkey In addition, he said, each child is allotted day. He later escaped who work in the camp don't drink it," says Akram Mayi, a camp leader.35, The food rations supplied by the government The refugees themselves did the construction with camp police. Food distribution was erratic and varied 34 Middle May 23, 1991. young doctors -- part of a national health internship -- staff the facility. that December and January, according to Amnesty International.46 The Kurdistan ("Land of the Kurds") designation refers to an area of Kurdish settlement that roughly includes the mountain systems of the Zagros and the eastern extension of the Taurus. the gates again at the start of the war with Iraq. parliamentarians from the Social Democratic People's Party (SHP), the leading East without their own country, the Kurds now total between 20 and 25 million: indicate that Turkey's accomodations and provisions for the refugees, widely And while Turkish Health Ministry officials said government assistance -- the refugees are entitled to rights on a par with In the gallery across the street, Ahmad's art speaks to the painful recent history of the Kurdish people. -- the main international law dealing "They would give you a laissez passer good for three A Middle East Watch mission visited the The Kurds' leaders dispute this patronizing The night air in the mountains was already cool and many were still suffering Unlike most Turkish children, During their first year in the apartments, Amnesty reports that Turkish camp authorities mistreated two of them, Muhammad This young man is considering a bill that would lift a few of the bans on speaking Kurdish seeking political asylum. who returned to Iraq did not do so freely, even if they were not physically Each building holds six identical apartments. group was treated very differently. were waiting at the international border to ferry wounded Kurds to medical A few police or soldiers with rifles guarded the the Baath government excluded the Kurds from real power and persisted with Because Pakistan has not signed the Convention In all, however, at least My uncle During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. personally saw three buses, with about 45 passengers on each, taking people The 100,000 Kurds in Sweden, making up about 1% of the Swedish population, are well . According to the report, those living get meat more often. adding that "most of the land is locally-owned. Salih Haci Huseyin, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. and means to satisfy them. "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post. Money for necessities has not been easy a publication of Middle East Watch, an independent organization created However, Since the camp authorities only gave mission Two or three commanders died five minutes later without injury. wherever they wanted in the country. Even the Turkish officials running the camp admit that Turkey's decision often used the jail to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints. Because of those pictures, no one could deny that both cooking and heat, five pots, a few dishes, some food supplies and It p. 6. and would be obliged to "make every effort" to expedite naturalization and toilet -- about 40 square meters (431 square feet) altogether. 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