how many people died in the holocaust

[194], The state broke away from Nazi antisemitic policy by promising honorary Aryan citizenship, and thus freedom from persecution, to Jews who were willing to contribute to the "Croat cause". Other camps sometimes described as extermination camps include Maly Trostinets near Minsk in the occupied Soviet Union, where 65,000 are thought to have been murdered, mostly by shooting but also in gas vans;[307] Mauthausen in Austria;[308] Stutthof, near Gdask, Poland;[309] and Sachsenhausen and Ravensbrck in Germany. They must go. EuroDocs. [438] After Germany lost the war, the International Military Tribunal at the Nuremberg Trials and Poland's Supreme National Tribunal concluded that the aim of German policies in Poland the extermination of Poles and Jews was a genocide in biological terms. The German neuroscientist Julius Hallervorden received 697 brains from one hospital between 1940 and 1944: "I accepted these brains of course. "[329] The gas was then pumped out, and the Sonderkommandowork groups of mostly Jewish prisonerscarried out the bodies, extracted gold fillings, cut off women's hair, and removed jewelry, artificial limbs and glasses. [449] In May 1942, they were placed under similar laws to the Jews, and in December Himmler ordered that they be sent to Auschwitz, unless they had served in the Wehrmacht. [110] At least 90 Jews were murdered. [333] Most of the victims at these three camps were buried in pits at first. [388] Army leaders and economic managers complained about this diversion of resources and the killing of skilled Jewish workers,[389] but Nazi leaders rated ideological imperatives above economic considerations.[390]. Sexual relationships between them were also criminalized; Jews were not allowed to employ German women under the age of 45 in their homes. WebAs many as 500,000 people, or 70% of the total Cham population, were exterminated. [36] According to Jozo Tomasevich, the Jewish community in Zagreb was the only one to survive out of 115 Jewish religious communities in Yugoslavia in 19391940. [85] Overall, the number of mentally and physically disabled people murdered was about 150,000. [81], In October 1939 Hitler signed a "euthanasia decree" backdated to 1 September 1939 that authorized Reichsleiter Philipp Bouhler, the chief of Hitler's Chancellery, and Karl Brandt, Hitler's personal physician, to carry out a program of involuntary euthanasia. A BBC Hungarian Service memo, written by Carlile Macartney, said in 1942: "We shouldn't mention the Jews at all." [227] The guards became much more brutal, and the death rate increased as the guards not only beat and starved prisoners but killed them more frequently. Germany proper, including the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, will have to be handled first due to the housing problem and additional social and political necessities. The Holocaust Encyclopedia. [97] Other Jewish scientists, including Gustav Hertz, lost their teaching positions and left the country. [324] Those selected for death at all camps were told to undress and hand their valuables to camp workers. In early 1943, new gas chambers and crematoria were built to accommodate the numbers. On 910 November 1938, eight months after Germany annexed Austria, Jewish businesses and other buildings were ransacked or set on fire throughout Germany and Austria on what became known as Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass"). "[244][245], According to Dan Stone, the murder of Jews in Romania was "essentially an independent undertaking". [76] On 14 July 1933, the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring (Gesetz zur Verhtung erbkranken Nachwuchses), the Sterilization Law, was passed. "[458], Around 100,000 gay men were arrested in Germany and 50,000 jailed between 1933 and 1945; 5,00015,000 are thought to have been sent to concentration camps. [223] Longerich wrote in 2010 that the gradual increase in brutality and numbers killed between July and September 1941 suggests there was "no particular order". Inflaming the anti-Jewish sentiment was the apparent over-representation of Jews in the leadership of communist revolutionary governments in Europe, such as Ernst Toller, head of a short-lived revolutionary government in Bavaria. [436] While the long-term goal of Nazi Germany was removal of Jews from occupied Poland, in the initial months of occupation the SS predominantly directed physical violence towards ethnic Poles, arresting and executing educated elites in an attempt to prevent the development of organized resistance. [475] In response, Germany set up the "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" Foundation in 2000, which paid 4.45billion to former slave laborers (up to 7,670 each). [460] In 1936, Himmler created the Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion. One of Mengele's assistants said in 1946 that he was told to send organs of interest to the directors of the "Anthropological Institute in Berlin-Dahlem". [36], The fall of France gave rise to the Madagascar Plan in the summer of 1940, when French Madagascar in Southeast Africa became the focus of discussions about deporting all European Jews there; it was thought that the area's harsh living conditions would hasten deaths. The extermination camps killed more than five million Jews, with the number rising after their liberation, as thousands of prisoners [437], On 7 September 1939, Reinhard Heydrich stated that all Polish nobles, clergy, and Jews were to be murdered. The General Government must become just as free of Jews as the Reich.". Those who lagged behind or fell were shot. [344] Around 1,000 poorly armed fighters held the SS at bay for four weeks. In Western Europe, he writes, Jewish communities failed to piece the information together, while in Eastern Europe they could not accept that the stories they had heard from elsewhere would end up applying to them too. [275] The following day, Joseph Goebbels, the Reich Minister of Propaganda, noted in his diary: Regarding the Jewish question, the Fhrer is determined to clear the table. The second most numerous group, from 70 to 75 thousand, was the Poles, and the third most numerous, about 20 thousand, the Gypsies. According to Dan Stone the Holocaust was a pan-European phenomenon, a series of "Holocausts" impossible to conduct without local collaborators and Germany's allies. In the course of the practical execution of the Final Solution, Europe will be combed through from west to east. [91] The second law said: "Marriages between Jews and subjects of the state of German or related blood are forbidden." WebOf this total, nearly 1.1 million were Jews, 960,000 of which died in the camp. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. [393] Between 15 May and 9 July, 440,000 Jews were deported from Hungary to Auschwitz II-Birkenau, almost all sent directly to the gas chambers. Nearly three-in-ten Americans say they are not sure how many Jews died [61] One of the first, at Dachau, opened on 22 March 1933. [34] As prisoners entered the death camps, they surrendered all personal property,[39] which was cataloged and tagged before being sent to Germany for reuse or recycling. [266] Officers from RSHA IV B4, a Gestapo unit, began deporting Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Auschwitz was at the centre of that genocide. The death rates decreased when the POWs were Germany had over 500,000. [474], The government of Israel requested $1.5billion from the Federal Republic of Germany in March 1951 to finance the rehabilitation of 500,000 Jewish survivors, arguing that Germany had stolen $6billion from the European Jews. [40] Through a concealed account, the German National Bank helped launder valuables stolen from the victims. We have an estimated 2.5 million Jews in the General Government, perhaps with the half-Jews and all that that entails some 3.5 million. WebThe Holocaust was Nazi Germanys deliberate, organized, state-sponsored persecution and machinelike murder of approximately six million European Jews and at least five [482] In popular culture, Hitler is a hegemonic historical analogy for evil[483] and Nazi comparisons are common. [315] The vans were also used in the occupied Soviet Union, for example in smaller clearing actions in the Minsk ghetto,[316] and in Yugoslavia. [121][l] Palestine was the only location to which any German resettlement plan produced results, via the Haavara Agreement between the Zionist Federation of Germany and the German government. [284] On 8 January, Heydrich sent out notes again, this time suggesting 20 January. [256] It annexed Thrace and Macedonia, and in February 1943 agreed to a demand from Germany that it deport 20,000 Jews to the Treblinka extermination camp. [327] Those inside were murdered within 20 minutes; the speed of death depended on how close the inmate was standing to a gas vent, according to the commandant Rudolf Hss, who estimated that about one-third of the victims were killed immediately. [116] German Jewry was held collectively responsible for restitution of the damage; they also had to pay an "atonement tax" of over a billion Reichsmark. [442] At least 200,000 died in concentration camps, around 146,000 in Auschwitz. Germany implemented the persecution in stages. [10] The term comes from the Greek: , romanized:holkaustos; hlos, "whole" + kausts, "burnt offering". [115] Many were released within weeks; by early 1939, 2,000 remained in the camps. So many died that the marches were stopped. [173] In the Netherlands, the Germans installed Arthur Seyss-Inquart as Reichskommissar, who began to persecute the country's 140,000 Jews. Paramilitary death squads called Einsatzgruppen, in cooperation with the German Army and local collaborators, murdered around 1.3million Jews in mass shootings and pogroms from the summer of 1941. [374] By c.July 1942, Polish leaders in Warsaw had learned about the mass killing of Jews in Auschwitz. Because of this, few measures were taken against the Danish Jews before 1942. [257], Stone writes that Slovakia, led by Roman Catholic priest Jozef Tiso (president of the Slovak State, 19391945), was "one of the most loyal of the collaborationist regimes". [382] In the United States, where antisemitism and isolationism were common, the government similarly feared turning the war into one about the Jews. [174] From July 1942, over 107,000 Dutch Jews were deported; only 5,000 survived the war. [401], The first major camp encountered by Allied troops, Majdanek, was discovered by the advancing Soviets, along with its gas chambers, on 25 July 1944. [387] Shipments of Jews had priority on the German railways over anything but the army's needs, and continued even in the face of the increasingly dire military situation at the end of 1942. (See the experience of history.). The latter two groups were to be sent to concentration camps for "re-education", with the aim of eventual absorption into the Volksgemeinschaft. WebTheir records were far less comprehensive, so that it is possible only to make a rough estimate of the numbers of Jews killed generally between 800,000 and 1 million. [175], France had approximately 330,000 Jews, divided between the German-occupied north and the unoccupied collaborationist southern areas in Vichy France (named after the town Vichy), more than half this Jewish population were not French citizens, but refugees who had fled Nazi persecution in other countries. [473] Other trials of Nazis and collaborators took place in Western and Eastern Europe. Now the world war has come. "[274] In the view of Christian Gerlach, Hitler "announced his decision in principle" to annihilate the Jews on or around 12 December 1941, one day after his declaration of war. [70] Jewish students were restricted by quotas from attending schools and universities. According to Hayes, dealers in currency and jewellery set up shop outside the Treblinka extermination camp (near Warsaw) in 19421943, as did prostitutes. Laqueur, Walter; Baumel, Judith Tydor (2001). I will in principle proceed only on the assumption that they will disappear. [3] The majority, around 1 million people, were Jews. The latter were murdered during the Aktion T4 euthanasia programme, which was first established in 1939. [92][91] The laws referred to Jews but applied equally to the Roma and black Germans. [431] Russian government sources currently cite these civilian casualty figures in their official statements. He warned the Jews that if they were to cause another world war, it would lead to their destruction. [160] The most commonly cited death toll is the six million given by Adolf Eichmann to SS member Wilhelm Httl, who signed an affidavit mentioning this figure in 1945. The occupied regions were under the control of a military governor, and there, anti-Jewish measures were not enacted as quickly as they were in the Vichy-controlled areas. [347] According to Gwardia Ludowa, a Polish resistance newspaper, in May 1943: From behind the screen of smoke and fire, in which the ranks of fighting Jewish partisans are dying, the legend of the exceptional fighting qualities of the Germans is being undermined. [d] The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Beec, Chemno, Majdanek, Sobibr, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.[4]. The majority, around 1 million people, were Jews. [230] The Germans estimated the average prisoner's lifespan in a concentration camp at three months, as a result of lack of food and clothing, constant epidemics, and frequent punishments for the most minor transgressions. [462] However, where sexuality intersected with other identities, lesbianism could be used as an additional reason for persecution. When the German Wehrmacht (armed forces) invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, triggering declarations of war from the UK and France, Germany gained control of about two million Jews in the territory it occupied. Nearly three years earlier, on 30 January 1939, Hitler had told the Reichstag: "if the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will be not the Bolshevising of the earth, and thus a victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe! [472] West Germany initially tried few ex-Nazis, but after the 1958 Ulm Einsatzkommando trial, the government set up a dedicated agency. "[439] At the end of 1940, Hitler confirmed the plan to liquidate "all leading elements in Poland". [414] The death camps in occupied Poland accounted for half the Jews murdered. [251] The Romanian military murdered up to 25,000 Jews during the Odessa massacre between 18 October 1941 and March 1942, assisted by gendarmes and the police. [265] Several forced labor camps for Jews were established in Italian-controlled Libya; almost 2,600 Libyan Jews were sent to camps, where 562 were murdered. This time suggesting 20 January Germany had over 500,000 [ 97 ] Jewish... Must become just as free of Jews in Auschwitz hand their valuables to camp workers teaching and... West to east for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion persecute the country 's 140,000 Jews 91 ] laws. Country 's 140,000 Jews the German neuroscientist Julius Hallervorden received 697 brains from one hospital 1940! [ 460 ] in 1936, Himmler created the Reich. `` held SS! 1942, over 107,000 Dutch Jews were deported ; only 5,000 survived the war Netherlands, the number of and! For persecution which died in the camp the plan to liquidate `` all leading elements in Poland.. 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Practical execution of the total Cham population, were exterminated how many people died in the holocaust lead to their destruction and took!
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