where was the rallying point for the first crusade rise of kingdomswhere was the rallying point for the first crusade rise of kingdoms
Governors must finish the response selection within the allotted time. Which group conquered the Byzantine Empire? They also have a boost to AP recovery which can be used to defeat . From 10 June for 4 days waves of Kerbogha's men assailed the city walls from dawn until dusk. Who is considered the "Father of Modern Olympic Games"? These eleven civilizations include Rome, Spain, Japan, and Korea. This may be the result of a cultural misunderstanding in that the Turks and Arabs did not recognise the crusaders as religiously-motivated warriors seeking conquest and settlement, assuming that the crusaders were just the latest in a long line of Byzantine mercenaries. Which of the following animals is carnivorous? February 3, 2023. Egypt's economy was primarily based on what? The Mughal Empire carried Islam to where? Key Points The First Crusade (1095-1099), called for by Pope Urban II, was the first of a number of crusades that attempted to recapture the Holy Lands. Rise of kingdoms "commander . Pick up orange runes around the altar as they give you 15% more action point recovery rate. Thomas Archer and Charles Kingsford wrote The Crusades: The Story of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem,[163] rejecting the idea that the Fourth Crusade and the Albigensian Crusade should be designated as crusades. What's the primary cause of the formation of the Himalayas? Every army generates around 91 rage per turn, which suggests that, in normal conditions, it will take around 11 turns to complete the first active skill cycle. The crusade gave him a further opportunity, which he took after the Siege of Antioch, taking possession of the city and establishing the Principality of Antioch. Eve of the Crusade Event Information. When catching and releasing deep sea fish,why is it important to pierce their swim bladder? After crossing into Asia Minor, the crusaders split up and began to pillage the countryside, wandering into Seljuk territory around Nicaea. [33] Peter was the most successful of the preachers of Urban's message, and developed an almost hysterical enthusiasm among his followers, although he was probably not an "official" preacher sanctioned by Urban at Clermont. Baldwin's Cold-Blooded Ambition. Which European country's king funded Christopher Columbus' famous expedition? What information does the item deceptive troops falsify for enemy scouts? On 28 June 1098 at dawn the Franks marched out of the city in four battle groups to engage the enemy. It was a large, Greek-speaking empire that controlled much of the eastern Mediterranean. Which country did the famous poet Dante Alighieri come from? The only contemporary records are a few letters written by Urban in 1095. Cactus spines are actually a modified form of which other part of the plant? [49], It is difficult to assess the motives of the thousands of participants for whom there is no historical record, or even those of important knights, whose stories were usually retold by monks or clerics. A pirate captain, Guynemer of Boulogne, sailed up the Berdan River to Tarsus and swore fealty to Baldwin, who hired Guynemer's men to garrison the city while he continued his campaign. While Godfrey and Tancred made camp to the north of the city, Raymond made his to the south. With whom did Minamoto no Yoshitsune raise an army to fight Taira no Kiyomori? Hagenmeyer also prepared the Chronologie de la premire croisade 10941100, a day-by-day account of the First Crusade, cross-referenced to original sources, with commentary.[140]. This crusader force was almost annihilated in Asia Minor by the Seljuks, but the survivors helped to reinforce the kingdom upon their arrival in Jerusalem. What two countries together made up the "Iberian Union"? This may have been why he piously refused the crown on the grounds that it could only be worn by Christ. [citation needed], On 4 June the vanguard of Kerbogha's 40,000 strong army arrived surrounding the Franks. Which commander is reputed to have said, I came, I saw, I conquered? The Eastern church viewed the pope as only one of the five patriarchs of the Church, alongside the Patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople and Jerusalem. Heavily outnumbered, Tancred decided not to fight for the town. In which country were instant noodles first invented? How many separate khanates or empires had the Mongol Empire fractured into by the time of Kublai's death in 1294? The Phoenician civilization originated in which part of the world? If the man with type ab blood and woman with type b blood have baby? You will choose real historical civilizations and powerful generals to participate in different battles. Try to save your gems until the "More than gems" event. Which of the following is Zeus' elder brother in Geek Mythology? Which commander is nicknamed Bow of Revolution? Emicho's army eventually continued into Hungary but was also defeated by Coloman, at which point, Emicho's followers dispersed. Which of the following did Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More have in common? I could hardly believe my eyes as I looked through the blurred panes of the one small window on the large, moist flakes falling thickly, the trees green with spring-time whose young foliage was burdened and slim limbs delicately heaped with snow an inch deep in the windless air, while the little park was a white floor and the half-invisible roofs a drifted . Fulcher and Raymond both utilized Gesta to some extent, as did Peter Tudebode and the Historia Belli Sacri, with some variations. On his tour of France, Urban tried to forbid certain people (including women, monks, and the sick) from joining the crusade, but found this nearly impossible. Held in 1929, how long did the first Academy Awards ("Oscars") ceremony take? Which of the following accurately describes the Arctic Circle, Polar Day and Polar Night are phenomenons that occur there. When Achilles refuses to fight, Patroclus puts on Achilles armor, fights the trojans, and dies, who is Patroclus killed by? Which of the following doctors was the first to describe completely, and in detail, the systemic circulation and the function of the heart? This event is the perfect time to buy vip points, master's blueprints, books or things from vip store . 1120. Antioch was so large that the crusaders did not have enough troops to fully surround it, and as a result it was able to stay partially supplied. In the year 1095, the Crusade was preached by Pope Urban II and Peter the Hermit. Collectively, Brhier and Barker wrote more than 50 articles for these two publications. Which of the below figures were not Knights of King Arthurs Round Table? French historian Jean-Franois-Aim Peyr expanded Michaud's work on the First Crusade with his Histoire de la Premire Croisade,[158] a 900-page, two-volume set with extensive sourcing. [191] Carole Hillenbrand (born 1943) is an Islamic scholar whose work The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (1999)[121] discusses themes that highlight how Muslims reacted to the presence of the Crusaders in the heart of traditionally Islamic territory and is regarded as one of the most influential works on the First Crusade. Terms Of Use [23], Urban responded favourably, perhaps hoping to heal the Great Schism of forty years earlier, and to reunite the Church under papal primacy by helping the Eastern churches in their time of need. Which war was fought between British houses of Lancaster and York for the throne of England? In Ark of Osiris which speedup can be used? Around 60,000 soldiers and at least half again of non-combatants were involved in the First Crusade which set off on their quest in 1095. In the Commander View page , what buff do commanders acting as a "King Head" get? [137] See also the works Die Kreuzzugsbriefe aus den Jahren, 10881100,[138] by Heinrich Hagenmeyer and Letters of the Crusaders,[139] by Dana Carleton Munro. Romulus became the founder and the first king of Rome, Romulus became the founder and first King of Rome, Advantages of Johannes Gutenberg's printing press include all of the following except. Machu Picchu is a notable relic of which civilization? During the rest of 1095 and into 1096, Urban spread the message throughout France, and urged his bishops and legates to preach in their own dioceses elsewhere in France, Germany, and Italy as well. Which of the following achievements must be completed before the "Special Snowflake" achievement? The Peerless Scholar has three stages: preliminary, midterm, and final exam. The Fatimids, under the nominal rule of caliph al-Musta'li but actually controlled by their vizier al-Afdal Shahanshah, lost Jerusalem to the Seljuks in 1073 but succeeded in recapturing the city in 1098 from the Artuqids, a smaller Turkish tribe associated with the Seljuks, just before the arrival of the crusaders. Andrew., Kingsford, C. Baldwin was technically the first Crusader King of Jerusalem, a lineage which was to last (in one form or another) consecutively until 1324. Which of these is an incorrect description of the Battle of Poitiers? Jewish communities were given the option of converting to Christianity or being slaughtered. Which of the following is an inexhaustible energy resource that relies on hot magma or hot dry rocks below ground? Which type of holy sites grant troop attack bonuses? [79], The Armenian lord Thoros of Edessa sent envoys to Baldwin in early 1098, seeking his assistance against the nearby Seljuks. The situation was tense not only among the military leaders, but also among the clergy. In May 1096, Emicho of Flonheim (sometimes incorrectly known as Emicho of Leiningen) attacked the Jews at Speyer and Worms. The campaign took place during World War I. Who was the founder of the Edo Bakufu of Japan? What is the default transportation capacity if your trading post is Level 25? This first assault was perhaps more speculative than determined, and after scaling the outer wall the Crusaders were repulsed from the inner one. After its foundation in the 6th century BCE, which institution of the Roman Republic served as a consultative parliament? Many of the attackers seem to have wanted to force the Jews to convert, although they were also interested in acquiring money from them. Which emperor issued the Proclamation of Milan? Rise of kingdoms mod apk unlimited money latest version 2021 free for ios. Which commander was considered an enemy of Rome from an early age? Some eventually joined the main armies, although Emicho himself went home. Henry I took the throne of Englnd in the year 1100 after which relative died? Bronze is harder and more durable than other metals available at the time. Peerless Scholar in Rise of Kingdoms where you will answer questions receive rewards if you answer correctly. Which of these is NOT considered one of the Five Good Emperors of the Nerva-Antonine dynasty of ancient Rome? How many daily Activity Points do you need in Lucerne Scrolls to claim the Daily Gift clue reward? [107] The eyewitness accounts from the crusaders themselves leave little doubt that there was great slaughter in the aftermath of the siege. LifeAfter. Which of the following is NOT one of Lohar's skills? In China's Han Dynasty, who opened the Silk Road on the orders of Emperor Wu? What age did ancient greece enter after the mycenaean civilization was destroyed? This call was met with an enthusiastic popular response across all social classes in western Europe. These histories used primary source materials, but they used them selectively to talk of Holy War (bellum sacrum), and their emphasis was upon prominent individuals and upon battles and the intrigues of high politics. [78], Tancred had meanwhile seized the town of Mamistra. The Armenians welcomed Baldwin, and the local population massacred the Seljuks, seizing the fortresses Ravendel and Turbessel before the end of 1097. In Greek mythology, what was Achilles' only weak point? Chief rabbi Kalonymus Ben Meshullam committed suicide in anticipation of being killed. Which of these artists was NOT a Baroque painter? Baldwin demanded Balduk's wife and children as hostages, and upon his refusal, Baldwin had him captured and executed. Who was the last emperor of the Holy Roman Empire? Which commander was known as the Celtic Rose? Who conquered the Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans in the Vandalic War? In the Commander View page , what buff do commanders acting as a "Charge Captain" get? [14], The Islamic world also experienced great success since its foundation in the 7th century, with major changes to come. In most cases, what kind of mosquitoes will drink animal blood? In ROK, the Cataphract is which civilizations special unit? According to the tale of the She-wolf in Roman mythology, what came of the twins she nurtured, Romulus and Remus? The objective was the recovery of the Holy Land from Islamic rule. While the Seljuk hold on Jerusalem was weak (the group later lost the city to the Fatimids), returning pilgrims reported difficulties and the oppression of Christians. Which of these is not a natural resource? Which of the following commanders excels at leading cavalry? Who was believed to be the prototype of king of hearts in poker? Although Raymond of Toulouse could claim to be the pre-eminent crusade leader from 1098 his support had waned since his failed attempts to besiege Arqa and create his own realm. Who wrote the well-known science fiction series Dune. Which of the following is an economic building? Iftikhar al-Dawla, the commander of the garrison, struck a deal with Raymond, surrendering the citadel in return for being granted safe passage to Ascalon. Which art group is known as a "National Treasure" of Canada? Which of the following can NOT be found in Alliance Shops? [36] Raymond of Toulouse led the Provenals down the coast of Illyria, and then due east to Constantinople. By ROK players for ROK players, This is an unofficial fan site. Estimates as to the size of the crusader armies have been given as 70,000 to 80,000 on the number who left Western Europe in the year after Clermont, and more joined in the three-year duration. The Crusader presence remained in the region in some form until the loss of the last major Crusader stronghold in the Siege of Acre in 1291. The first opening is by Achievement in Twilight after several days, your alliance must be in the top 20. the open interval is 15 hours it opens for 1 hour first alliance kills 1 wave of stalkers will capture it and then it gives you and your alliance points per each army per minute Waves The Gesta was reworked (some with other eyewitness accounts) by Guibert of Nogent, Baldric of Dol, and Robert the Monk, whose work was the most widely read. Since its founding in 1863, how many times has the International Comittee of the Red Cross won the Nobel Peace Prize? Tongwancheng was the capital of which ethnic group from ancient China? Elbe day was the meeting of which two armies during World War II? In what year did Einstein publish his four Annus Mirabilis ("Miracle Papers")? How was the Gutenberg Bible put into mass production? There was no pan-Islamic counter-attack, giving the crusaders the opportunity to consolidate. In addition, Alexios also sent two of his own generals, Manuel Boutoumites and Tatikios, to assist the crusaders. Chapter X. [48] Typically, preaching would conclude with every volunteer taking a vow to complete a pilgrimage to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre; they were also given a cross, usually sewn onto their clothes. These areas were historically called Syria (known to the Arabs as al-Sham) and Upper Mesopotamia. FRANCE, Which Chieftain in the Ceroli Crisis event mounted a succesful coup? Conceived by Pope Urban II following an appeal from the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos, around 60,000 soldiers and at least half again of non-combatants set off on their quest. [106], On 22 July, a council was held in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre to establish governance for Jerusalem. In. Which of the seven wonders of the world were created to cure the new Queen of Babylon's homesickness? [142] A later poem was Torquato Tasso's 16th century Gerusalemme liberata, was based on Accolti's work and popular for nearly two centuries. This was closely followed by the deaths of the Seljuk sultan Malik-Shah and the Fatimid caliph al-Mustansir Billah. Who was the emperor of the first French Empire? While Gutenberg introduced the printing press in Europe, his invention was influenced by which country, the first to develop a moveable type? From the moment the Spear of Antioch (the alleged spear of Longinus) was found until the moment it "disappeared" from history after the battle of Ascalon, it was the rallying point of the First Crusade in the hands of Raymond of Toulouse. Which commander is nicknamed the Father of Conquest? hich of the following commanders excels at leading Calvary? A decrease in which of the following metrics might indicate increasing nearness to a state of vacuum? Which building was originally built in London to house the Great Exhibition of the Works Industry of All Nations held in 1851? Ilghazi of Aleppo defeats Franks at Sarmada. Where was the rallying point for the First Crusade? What causes the distinctive smell in the air after it rains? Which continent has the lowest average temperatures? Which of these commanders get the ability to convert some slain units into severely wounded units when attacking a city? [35], Lacking military discipline, in what likely seemed to the participants a strange land (Eastern Europe), Peter's fledgling army quickly found itself in trouble despite the fact they were still in Christian territory. The erroneous response will be regarded as choosing an incorrect answer or failing to choose an answer on time. Pons of Balazun died, struck by a stone missile. Which of these commanders was able to defeat the great Charles in the battle? He married Arda of Armenia, who later became queen consort of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and encouraged his retainers to marry local women. 1113. Answers. Belek was to play a small role in this story who, as an Artuqid emir, had hired Baldwin to suppress a revolt in Saruj. Later, Heinrich von Sybel,[166] who studied under Leopold von Ranke (the father of modern source-based history) challenged the work of William of Tyre as being secondary. Wales officially became part of the Kingdom of Great Britain during the reign of which King? Leader of the alliance that conquers the lost temple. What discovery made the deciphering of hieroglyphics possible ? How long did the Hundred Years War between England and France last? Where did this battle take place? With very few casualties the Muslim army broke and fled the battle. Which planet in our solar system rotates the fastest? [99] After a three-day fast, on 8 July the Crusaders performed the procession as they had been instructed by Desiderius, ending on the Mount of Olives where Peter the Hermit preached to them,[105] and shortly afterward the various bickering factions arrived at a public rapprochement. ctrl-click (hold control and press left mouse button) to raise troops (raises all in the same county, ignoring supply limit) immediately ctrl-rightclick to order them to . Which commander's active skill can inflict silence? your base and troop power but I will recommend to chose a good civilization,farm as much as you can and do not try to rally or war against real opponents,barbarian fort,holy sanctum until you reach city hall 16+ btw for . How many reward chests are awarded for reaching 60 daily activity points? Who authored the novel "No Longer Human"? He also poisoned most of the wells in the area. After Raymond's death, his heirs captured Tripoli in 1109 with Genoese support. Which landmark in Sydney, Australia is shaped like sails? "People's Crusades (1096)". 5% XP Gain & Damage vs. Barbarians (none of these answers). Which of the following is NOT one of the major greenhouse gases in earth's atmosphere? Which country was the first to invent perfume? This will restore rage with every skill and will keep your rage engine rolling with Minamoto. Rise of Kingdom is available on Google Play and App Store, and you can also play Rise of Kingdoms on an android emulator. At Ni, the Byzantine governor tried to supply them, but Peter had little control over his followers and Byzantine troops were needed to quell their attacks. The capital of the Byzantine. Which of the following was a Knight of the Round Table? Who was the last female Pharaoh of the Ptolemy Dynasty? "Piacenza, Council of (1095)". Which of the following structures is a military building? a human fingernail is made of which material? When was the Declaration of Independence written? Bronze is harder and more durable than other metals available at the time. The greatest German historian of the Crusades was then Reinhold Rhricht. Rise of Kingdoms: Lost Crusade is a mobile video game designed by a well known developer Lilith Games and launched out in the year of 2018. Which civilization offers increased hospital capacity? Who was the Emperor of the First French Empire? Although it was called the Children's Crusade, most historians don't regard it as. Wracked by confusion and division, the Islamic world disregarded the world beyond, so that, when the First Crusade arrived, it came as a surprise. Morris, Rosemary (2006). " Which gas makes up more than 90% of Mars' atmosphere? Which inventor built the worlds first electric locomotive in 1837? Queen Victoria of England was part of which royal house? Rating: 4.3/5 Stars ( 66 reviews) Favourite Games Add to your games. The inner flaps of the leaves secrete a digestive fluid. [106], The massacre that followed the capture of Jerusalem has attained particular notoriety, as a "juxtaposition of extreme violence and anguished faith". The Norman Richard of Salerno wanted to take revenge for Tarsus, causing a skirmish between the soldiers of Baldwin and Tancred. Kerbogha allowed them to deploy with the aim of destroying them in the open. Which commander was in charge of capturing Constantinople at the age of 21? Which of the following wasn't a benefit from being a Scribe of Ancient Egypt? Baldwin took shelter in a tower and convinced his soldiers of his innocence. Others argue that while this may have had something to do with the disputes, personal ambition among the Crusader leaders might be just as easily blamed. How many items of the same quality should I equip to complete Ready For Battle? [citation needed], The first use of the term crusades was by 17th century French Jesuit and historian Louis Maimbourg[148] in his Histoire des Croisades pour la dlivrance de la Terre Sainte,[149] a populist and royalist history of the Crusades from 1195 to 1220. How many olympic gold medals did African-American Jesse Owens win in 1936? The Alliance Technology Territory Guardian increases which attribute? Finally, at the beginning of 1099, the march restarted, leaving Bohemond behind as the first Prince of Antioch. The concept of separation of powers comes from which work by Montesquieu? Which military commander was known as Teutoburgs Liberator? The three kingdoms of Korea where Baekje, Silla, and? Northern Humanists like Erasmus were most commonly known for what? Which of the following is NOT a low country of Europe? Which of the following works is based on the Battle of Roncevaux Pass, fought by Charlemagne and his knights? However the discipline of the Muslim army did not hold and a disorderly attack was launched. His histories of the First Crusade, Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges,[169] and of the kings of Jerusalem, Geschichte des Knigreichs Jerusalem,[170] laid the foundation of all modern crusade research. The latest vikings map brings unrivaled degrees of freedom to the world's first true. [121], Latin Christendom was amazed by the success of the First Crusade for which the only credible explanation was divine providence. Genetic Variation needed for a population to evolve. What is the default rallied troop capacity when your castle is level 25? The city's rich treasury enabled him to employ mercenaries and to buy Samosata from Balduk. [citation needed], Godfrey, Robert, Tancred, and Gaston arrived at Arqa in March, but the siege continued. Table of Contents show. [81], Shortly after Baldwin's return from campaign, a group of local nobles began plotting against Thoros, likely with Baldwin's consent. Which of these cities hosted the Olympics in 1900? Of the 12 Chinese zodiac animals, which comes first? The "El Nino" phenomenon is named after which of these festivals? The work used original sources from Gesta Dei per Francos, and includes a chronology that is surprisingly complete for such an early work. On 7 June, the Crusaders reached Jerusalem. [189] His doctoral students are among the most renowned in the world[190] and he led the team that created the Database of Crusaders to the Holy Land, 10961149. The differences among a species, like different bird beaks, are called. Which of the following awards daily activity points? During the Renaissance, why was Florence significant? The three great philosophers of ancient Greece were Plato, Aristotle, and? In Western Europe, Jerusalem was increasingly seen as worthy of penitential pilgrimages. The battle was a stinging setback that presaged notable Seljuk gains, and contributed to the call for the First Crusade. Raymond used the spear to lead the Crusaders out of the city of Antioch to victory against a much greater army. You can perfectly use it for the Ark of Osiris to capture structures or if you are into killing farmers this build will also work great. [2], The First Crusade was the response of the Christian world to the expansion of Islam, through the Fatimids and Seljuks, into the Holy Land and Byzantium. Governors may enter and wait at the answering panel for 5 minutes before the Midterm begins. [114], The majority of crusaders now considered their pilgrimage complete and returned home. Runciman's first volume The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem[183] has been criticized for being out-of-date and biased, but remains one of the most widely read accounts of the crusade. The Final Exam is made up of 15 multiple-choice questions with a time limit. How many Scouts can the Scout Camp hold at once? [113] Geoffrey and Raymond marched out to meet this force on 9 August with a force of only 1,200 knights and 9,000 foot soldiers. It was launched on November 27, 1095, by Pope Urban II with the primary goal of responding to an appeal from Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, who had been defeated by Turkish forces. Probably more persuasive was the presence of the large army from Lorraine, led by him and his brothers, Eustace and Baldwin, vassals of the ArdennesBouillion dynasty. Which country in Asia overlaps with the former Parthian empire? Which of the following works was written by the French playwright Pierre Corneille? [16] These were a minor ruling clan from Transoxania. Who was praised by his countryman as ancient Greece's best and most honest democratic representatives? Egyptians made paper from which material? How many floors is Shanghai Jin Mao Tower? Which of these cities in Brazil has hosted the Olympic Games? Baldwin left Mamistra and joined the main army at Marash, but Bagrat persuaded him to launch a campaign across a region densely populated by Armenians and he left the main army on 17 October. Which of the following is a Phase of the Mightiest Governor? Rok commander pairings kvk 1 striking scene for a short story example how to bypass mega decryption key 2022 Physical violence against Jews was never part of the church hierarchy's official policy for crusading, and the Christian bishops, especially the Archbishop of Cologne, did their best to protect the Jews. Which ethnic group founded the earliest civilization of Mesopotamia? This also undermined Raymond's authority over the Crusade, as he was the main proponent of its authenticity. [101] Thus began the decisive Siege of Jerusalem. at Clermont, 1095, Translations and reprints from the original sources of European history, The First Crusaders' Journey across the Balkan Peninsula, The First Crusade: From Clermont to Constantinople, Adhemar of Puy: The Bishop and His Critics, The Capetian Monarchy and the Early Crusade Movement: Hugh of Vermandois and Louis VII, Des Grecs aux Croiss: tude sur l'histoire d'Edesse entre 1071 et 1098, Chapter XII. Which of the following is considered a metallic resource? Peter. [134], A 19th-century perspective of these works can be found in Heinrich von Sybel's History and Literature of the Crusades. Critical analyses of these works can be found in studies by Jonathan Riley-Smith and Christopher Tyerman.[124]. In Ark of Osiris, how many teleports does the first alliance to occupy an obelisk earn? Which of the following is not a natural resource? What is the name of the revolution in 1688 which established the British constitutional monarchy? In The Desire of Victory event, how can players gain rewards? The military leader Charles Martel was NOT known for which of the following? [98], The siege of Arqa lasted until 13 May, when the Crusaders left having captured nothing. Most simply did not make it. Where do adoptation came from? Which two oceans does the Panama Canal connect? Rise of Kingdoms: Lost Crusade. Peter underwent the ordeal and died after days of agony from his wounds, which discredited the Holy Lance as a fake. Which of the following physicists was born on the death anniversary of Galileo Galilei, and died on the birth anniversary of Albert Einstein? Scottish philosopher and historian David Hume did not write directly of the First Crusade, but his The History of England[153] described the Crusades as the "nadir of Western civilization." 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